![]() There are two square structures on either side of the building to house a drum and a bell. The last courtyard called the Thai Hoc has a two storey building honoring the founders of the university. The house has a large red lacquer figure of Confucius. The Courtyard of the Sage Sanctuary has a building called the Great House of Ceremonies. One courtyard has a pond surrounded by sheltered pavilions and steles with details of students who earned doctorates at the university. Two courtyards have trees, some of which are over a hundred years old. The temple has five courtyards with boundary walls. It ceased to function in 1802 when it was shifted to a new venue. In 1484, Emperor Le Thanh Tong erected steles to record the achievements of students who were awarded doctorates by the university. The University established six years later admitted children from the royal family and students from the families of Mandarins. The Temple of Literature was founded by Emperor Ly Thanh Tong in 1070 a few years after the establishment of the city of Hanoi. It is also the venue of the country’s earliest university. There are many temples of literature across Vietnam but the Hanoi temple is the oldest and the most important among them. The Temple of Literature, dedicated to the Chinese Philosopher is one of Hanoi’s oldest structures. If you wish to learn more about the region that has been continuously inhabited for the past 4,000 years and explore the crowded streets of the Vietnamese capital lined with prominent landmarks and, perhaps, discover some cute hidden gems along the way, too, take this self-guided introductory walk. Hanoi also hosts a number of cultural venues, such as the National Museum of Fine Arts. In 2004, a massive part of the 900-year-old Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long - currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site - was discovered near Ba Đình Square. Also here, juxtaposed with French colonial architecture, are a number of prominent imperial sites like the Temple of Literature (1070), the One Pillar Pagoda (1049), and the Flag Tower of Hanoi (1812). The central Ba Đình district holds a high concentration of government headquarters, including the Presidential Palace, and the monumental Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum. Following the end of the Vietnam War (1955–1975) and reunification of North and South Vietnam, Hanoi became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, on 2 July 1976. The French reoccupied the city again in 1946, and after years of fighting between them and the Viet Minh forces (First Indochina War, 1946–1954) it had finally become the capital of independent North Vietnam, in 1954. During WWII, from 1940 to 1945, it was occupied by the Imperial Japanese forces and then briefly became the seat of the Việt Minh government after Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of Vietnam. The city served as the capital of French Indochina from 1887 until the mid 1940s. Hanoi is also sometimes dubbed "Paris of the East" for its French-style tree-fringed boulevards, dozens of lakes and thousands of French colonial-era buildings, all of which make it a popular tourist destination. Finally, in 1831, emperor Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội (which means "Between the Rivers") which has remained the city's official name ever since. ![]() During the Lê dynasty (1428-1789), the city was known as Đông Kinh ("Eastern Capital"), the name which had eventually transformed to Tonkin. ![]() In 1010, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established his capital on the territory of present-day downtown, calling it Thăng Long ("Ascending Dragon"). In 866, the town was turned into a citadel named Đại La ("Big Net"). The word long ("dragon") here is associated with the Red River which curves around the city, resembling a dragon. Throughout its history, Hanoi has gone by different names including Long Biên ("Dragon Edge"), Tống Bình ("Song Peace") and Long Đỗ ("Dragon Belly"). ![]() Following the collapse of Âu Lạc, the city was made part of Han China (111 BC-40 AD). Originally, a portion of modern-day Hanoi served as the capital of the historic Vietnamese nation Âu Lạc. Known for its centuries-old architecture and rich culture with Southeast Asian, Chinese and French influences, the capital of Vietnam, Hanoi, traces its origin back to the third century BC. ![]()
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